ইংরেজি ভাষায় একটি Sentence এ ব্যবহূত প্রতিটি word-ই কোনো না কোনো কাজ করে থাকে। প্রতিটি word-এর মধ্যে Verb সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। সাধারণত যে word দ্বারা কোনো কিছু করা, হওয়া, থাকা, বোঝায় তাকে verb বলে। Verb is the heart of Sentence. তাই Verb কে বাক্যের প্রাণ বলা হয়ে থাকে। Latin শব্দ verbal থেকে এই শব্দটির উৎপত্তি। বাক্য গঠনশৈলীতে Noun-এর পরই Verb এর স্থান। এই Verb, Noun, Pronoun এবং Object কে বিশেষভাবে গতিশীল করে রাখে। Verb ছাড়া কোনো Sentence তৈরি করা যায় না। Verbগুলো সাধারণত Voice, Tense, Mood, Narrarion and Sentence পরিবর্তনে সহায়তা করে থাকে। একটি Sentence এ দুই ধরনের Verb ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, Principal verb and Auxiliary verb.
Principal Verb: যে Verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকাশের জন্য অন্যের ওপর নির্ভর করতে হয় না, তাকে Principal Verb বলে।
Example : Rana writes an application.
Auxiliary Verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকার Sentence অথবা Tense, Voice বা Mood-এর রূপ গঠনের জন্য অন্য verb কে সাহায্য করে থাকে তাকে Auxiliary Verb বলে।
Example : Rana is writing an application.
মনে রাখতে হবে যে কোনো কোনো সময় একই verb, principle and Auxiliary দুভাবেই ব্যবহূত হতে পারে। যেমন, I am a student. এখানে ‘am’ Principle verb.
আবার, I am writing a letter. এখানে ‘am’ Auxiliary verb.
Principle Verb and Auxiliary Verb ছাড়াও Finite Verb, Non-Finite Verb, Transitive Verb and Intransitive Verb রয়েছে, এগুলো গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে থাকে।
Rule-1: Sentence যদি Present Indefinite tense হয় এবং Subject Third Person singular number হয়, তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত হবে।
She (write) a letter.
Ans : She writes a letter.
The baby (cry).
Ans : The baby cries.
The boy (go) — to school regularly.
Ans: The boy goes to school regularly.
The boy does not (go) — to school daily.
Ans: The boy does not go to school daily.
The boy generally (go) — to college at 8 a.m.
Ans: The boy generally goes to college at 8 a.m.
Try yourself :
Mr. Khan (go) — abroad every month.
His father (come) — home every week.
Rule-2: Present indefinite tense-এ Subject third person singular number হওয়া সত্ত্বেও can, must, should-এর পরে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যোগ হবে না।
The man can (do) — the work.
Ans: The man can do the work.
She must (come) — to her office in time.
Ans: She must come to her office in time.
The student should (learn) — his lessons regularly.
Ans: The student should learn his lessons regularly.
Try yourself :
He can (walk) — five miles at a time.
The girl must not (go) — to college on foot.
Rule-3: Sentence যদি universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য), Habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত কর্ম) ইত্যাদি বোঝায় তাহলে sentenceটি Present Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন,
The earth (move) — round the sun.
Ans: The earth moves round the sun.
The sun (rise) — the east.
Ans: The sun rises in the east.
The sun (set) — the west.
Ans: The sun sets in the west.
Try yourself :
We know that ice (float) — water.
The teacher said that the earth (be) — round.
Rule-4: কোনো Sentence-এ যদি sometimes, often, always, regularly, daily, everyday, usually, generally, normally, ordinarily, occasionally ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং নিদিষ্ট কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ না খাকে, তবে Sentenceটি Present Indefinite হবে।
Usually father (walk) in the morning.
Ans : Usually father walks in the morning.
He (get) up early in the morning everyday.
Ans : He gets up early in the morning everyday.
Anwar sometimes (work) in his flower garden.
Ans : Anwar sometimes works in his flower garden.
Sabiha (learn) — her lessons regularly.
Ans: Sabiha learns her lessons regularly.
He always (disturb) — the students.
Ans: He always disturbs the students.
A good student (learn) — his lessons regularly.
Ans: A good student learns his lessons regularly.
Try yourself :
Rahman very often (come) — me.
Does he (read) — the newspaper daily?
Rule-5: বর্তমানে চলছে এমন কোনো কাজ বোঝালে present Continuous Tense হয়। (এসব ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত Now, at present, at this moment ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা হয়)।
Now the students (sing) — the national anthem.
Ans: Now the students are singing the national anthem.
The boys (watch) — the television now.
Ans: The boys are watching the television now.
They (enjoy) — a song now.
Ans: They are enjoying a song now.
Try yourself :
They (watch) — TV at this moment.
The farmer (cultivate) — his land now.
Rule-6: Sentence-এ have/has থাকলে Sentenceটি present perfect Tense হবে। যেমন,
She has (write) — a letter to her mother.
Ans: She has written a letter to her mother.
I have (have) — my meal.
Ans: I have had my meal.
She had (have) — her letter.
Ans: She had had her letter.
Try yourself :
Have you ever (be) — to the zoo?
Colombus has (discover) — America.
Rule-7: কোনো Sentence-এ যদি already, yet, ever, just, just now, recently, lately, recently, today, this week/year, in the mean time, never, ever ইত্যাদি যুক্ত থাকে, তাহলে Sentenceটি Present perfect tense হবে।
Have you ever (be) to Cox-Bazar?
Ans : Have you ever been to Cox-Bazar?
I (receive) the letter just now.
Ans : I have received the letter just now.
He (join) there recently.
Ans : He has joined there recently.
I (not see) you this week.
Ans : I have not seen you this week.
Rabeya (take) — her dinner just now.
Ans: Rabeya has taken her dinner just now.
I (see) — him recently.
Ans: I have seen him recently.
He already (reach) — home.
Ans: He has already reached home.
Try yourself :
Have you ever (be) — to the zoo?
Have you not (receive) — my letter yet?
Rule- 8: Sentence-এ each, every, everyone, anyone, any, many a, everybody, every thing, anybody, nobody, no one, nothing, anything, something, someone, one of, either, neither ইতাদি থাকলে verb-এর Singular Number হয়। যেমন,
Every mother (love)__ her child.
Ans: Every mother loves her child.
One of the students (be)__ very brilliant.
Ans: One of the students is/was very brilliant.
Each of the boys (be)__present yesterday.
Ans: Each of the boys was present yesterday.
Try yourself :
Many a boy (ruin)__his career through laziness.
Neither of the two boys (be) ….. present today.
Rule- 9: একই দৈর্ঘ্য পরিমাণ বা স্থান বোঝালে Subject দেখতে Plural হলেও verb-এর Singular Number হয়।
Previously fifty miles (be) — a long way.
Ans: Previously fifty miles was a long way.
Ans: Twenty miles is not a great distance now a days.
Sixty cents (be) — was enough for him.
Ans: Sixty cents is/was was enough for him.
Try yourself:
Twenty dollars (be) — not sufficient in time.
Fifty cents (be) — enough at that time.
Rule-10: Yesterday, ago, long since, long before, last night, last weak, last month, day before yesterday ইত্যাদি অতীত সূচক শব্দ বা Phrase sentence-এ থাকলে Past Indefinite tense অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past form হয়।
I (draw) a picture yesterday.
Ans : 1 drew a picture yesterday.
I (get) the parcel last month.
Ans : I got the parcel last month.
You (visit) there long before.
Ans : You visited there long before.
The boy (go) — home yesterday.
Ans: The boy went home yesterday.
She did not (go) — to college yesterday.
Ans: She did not go to college yesterday.
Did he (come) — home yesterday?
Ans: Did he come home yesterday?
Try yourself :
The man (go) — London last week.
He (leave) — home last night.
Rule-11: সাধারণত tomorrow, the after tomorrow, next, in future, in the time to come ইত্যাদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক বাক্য word/phrase থাকলে verb-এর future indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
We (not go) there in future.
Ans : We shall not go there in future.
Neela (come) from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
Ans : Neela will come from Dhaka the day after tomorrow.
Rule-12: Before দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে before-এর আগের অংশে Past perfect tense-এর পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়।
We (reach) our school before the bell rang.
Ans : We had reached our school before the bell rang.
The patient had died before the doctor (come).
Ans : The patient had died before the doctor came.
Rule-13: After দ্বারা দুটি Past tense যুক্ত থাকলে এর আগের অংশ Past Indefinite tense এবং পরের অংশ Past perfect tense হয়।
They arrived the station after the train (leave).
Ans : They arrived the station after the train had left.
The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans : The patient died after the doctor had come.
Rule-14: No sooner had — than, Scarcely had — when, Hardly had — when: প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense অনুযায়ী হয় অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past participle form হবে। দ্বিতীয় অংশ Past Indefinite tense অনুযায়ী হয় অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past form হয়।
No sooner had the bell (ring) than the teacher (enter) the classroom.
Ans : No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher entered the classroom.
Scarcely had he (arrive) at the bus stand when the bus (leave).
Ans : Scarcely had he arrived at the bus stand when the bus left.
Hardly had the snatcher (take) the chain when he (run) away.
Ans : Hardly had the snatcher taken the chain when he ran away.
Rule-15: সাধারণত Since দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং Since-এর আগের অংশ Present Indefinite/Present perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
It is many years since he (give) up smoking.
Ans : It is many years since he gave up smoking.
Five years have passed since he (leave) the house.
Ans : Five years have passed since he left the house.
Rule-16: আবার Since দ্বারা Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং Since-এর আগে Clause বা বাক্যের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Verb-এর Past perfect tense হয়।
Many years passed since I (meet) him last.
Ans : Many years passed since I had met him last.
It was many years since I (visit) there.
Ans : It was many years since I had visited there.
Rule-17: Passive voice-এ সর্বদা Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
This work was (do) by him.
Ans : This work was done by him.
The problem has been (solve) by him.
Ans : The problem has been solved by him.
The school was (close) for sine die.
Ans : The school was closed for sine die.
Rule-18: Simple Sentence-এ দুটি Verb থাকলে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয় অথবা দ্বিতীয় Verb টির আগে to বসে।
He saw the boy (play) in the field.
Ans : He saw the boy playing in the field.
I heard him (speak).
Ans : I heard him speaking.
He helps me (make) the house.
Ans : He helps me making the house.
Note :দ্বিতীয় Verb টি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়, তবে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর আগে to বসে।
I went to the library (read) newspaper.
Ans : I went to the library to read newspaper.
He repaired the boat (sell) it.
Ans : He repaired the boat to sell it.
Rule-19: Sentenceটি Active Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে present form হয়। যেমন,
He can (do) it easily.
Ans : He can do it easily.
Everybody should (respect) his parents.
Ans : Everybody should respect his parents.
It may (rain) today.
Ans : It may rain today.
The boy can (work out) — the sum.
Ans: The boy can work out the sum.
He could not (eat) — all the mangoes.
Ans: He could not eat all the mangoes.
You must (do) — your duty properly.
Ans: You must do your duty properly.
Try yourself :
It may (rain) — today.
One should (take) — care of one’s health.
Rule-20: Sentenceটি Passive Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে be+ Verb-এর past participle form হয়। যেমন,
The work can (do) — immediately.
Ans: The work can be done immediately.
All the mangoes could (eat) —
Ans: All the mangoes could be eaten.
Your duty must (perform) — very soon.
Ans: Your duty must be performed very soon.
Try yourself :
It can not (deny) —
The English book will (buy) — tomorrow.
Rule-21: সাধারণত Sentence-যদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক শব্দ বা Phrase যেমন Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future, next ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future Indefinite tense হবে এবং Verb-এর Present form বসে।
I (go) to Dhaka tomorrow.
Ans : I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.
He (join) there the next day.
Ans : He will join there the next day.
Rule-22: Sentence-এর Subject Singular Number হলে Verb Singular হয় এবং Subject Plural হলে Verb plural Number হয়।
The flowers of the garden (to be) beautiful.
Ans : The flowers of the garden are beautiful.
These papers (to be) printed.
Ans : These papers are printed.
Rule-23: মূল Verb-এর আগে to be /having/got থাকলে Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
I do not mind (have) a cup of coffee.
Ans : I do not mind having a cup of coffee.
Ans : He went home having his salary.
The thief ran away having (see) — the policeman.
Ans: The thief ran away having seen the policeman.
The Principal desired the notice to be (hang)—.
Ans: The Principal desired the notice to be hung.
The work is to be (do) — immediately.
Ans: The work is to be done immediately.
Try yourself :
I got the letter (write) — by him.
Having (do) — his duty he went out.
Rule-24: সাধারণত It is time, It is high time, wish, fancy ইত্যাদির পরে Subject ও bracket এ মূল Verb থাকলে Verb-এর Past form হয়।
It is time you (finish) a course on English language.
Ans : It is time you finished a course on English language.
I wish I (sing).
Ans : I wish I sang.
I wish I (win)__ the first prize in the lottery.
Ans: I wish I won the first prize in the lottery.
I fancy I (fly)__ among the stars.
Ans: I fancy I flew among the stars.
Try yourself :
I wish I (be)__a rich man.
It is time we (earn)__our livelihood.
আবার, It is time, It is high time, এর পর যদি bracket এ মূল Verb থাকে, তবে ওই এর আগে to বসবে এবং ওই অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। যেমন:
It is time (play).
Rule-25: ব্রাকেটে (be) থাকলে person, number এবং tense অনুযায়ী am/is/are/was/were/been হবে
Allah (be) — everywhere.
Ans: Allah is everywhere.
It (be) — twenty years ago.
Ans: It was twenty years ago.
One of my friends (be) — a good student.
Ans: One of my friends is/was a good student.
Try yourself :
The tickets of the journey (be) — very costly.
The people of this village (be) — very poor ago.
Rule-26: As if, as though, wish ইত্যাদি থাকলে Subject-এর পরে be verb-এর পরিবর্তে were বসে।
He behaves as if he (be) a leader. Ans : He behaves as if he were a leader. I wish I (be) a millionaire.
Ans : I wish I were a millionaire.
He speaks as if he (be)__ the owner of the farm.
Ans: He speaks as if he were the owner of the farm.
The man speaks as though he (be)__a leader.
Ans: The man speaks as though he were a leader.
The man speaks as if he (be) __ a landlord.
Ans: The man speaks as if he were a landlord.
Try yourself:
The man speaks as though he (be) __a rich man.
He speaks as if he (be) __ the President of Bangladesh.
Rule-27: As if, as though দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে প্রথম Clauseটি Present tense হলে পরবর্তী Clauseটি Past Indefinite হয়। প্রথম Clauseটি Past tense হলে পরের Clauseটি Past perfect tense হয়।
He behaves as if he (buy) the car.
Ans : He behaves as if he bought the car.
He spoke as though he (do) a great task.
Ans : He spoke as though he had done a great task.
Rule-28: While যুক্ত Sentence-এ While-এর পরে Verb থাকলে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। আবার
While-এর পরে Subject থাকলে While-এর অংশটি Past continuous tense হয়।
While (take) dinner, he received the phone.
Ans : While taking dinner, he received the phone.
While I (play) in the field, I saw him coming.
Ans : While I was playing in the field, I saw him coming.
While (walk) — in the garden, a snake bit him.
Ans: While walking in the garden, a snake bit him.
While he (walk) — in the garden, a snake bit him.
Ans: While he was walking in the garden, a snake bit him.
While it (rain) — , I was going to college.
Ans: While it was raining, I was going to college.
Try yourself:
While (sleep) — in his room, he dreamt a nice dream.
My uncle arrived while she (cook) — the dinner.
Rule-29: Lest দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে Lest-এর পরবর্তী Subject-এর সঙ্গে Auxiliary verb should/might বসে।
Read attentively lest you (fail) in the examination.
Ans : Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.
Walk fast lest you (be) late in your class.
Ans : Walk fast lest you might be late in your class.
Rule-30: Would that দ্বারা Sentence শুরু হলে Subject-এর পরে could বসে এবং মূল Verb-এর Present
form হয়।
Would that I (be) a bird!
Ans : Would that I could be a bird!
Would that I (visit) Cox’s Bazar
Ans : Would that I could visit Cox’s Bazar!
Would that I (go) — to the moon.
Ans: Would that I could go to the moon.
Would that I (be) — a poet like Nazrul.
Ans: Would that I could be a poet like Nazrul.
Would that I (enter) — into the class-room.
Ans: Would that I could enter into the class-room.
Try yourself :
Would that I (buy) — a latest car.
Would that I (see) — our great Prophet (SM). 🙂
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♥ Right Form of Verbs-এর সহজ নিয়ম by SagorSrkian [Last-Part] ♥
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